National Institute for Fusion Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Toki, 509-5292, Japan
Hao Wang, Yasushi Todo, Hanzheng Li, Malik Idouakass & Jialei Wang
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, 85748, Garching, Germany
Philipp Lauber, H. Zohm, C. Angioni, N. Arden, V. Artigues, M. Astrain, M. Balden, V. Bandaru, A. Banon Navarro, M. Bauer, A. Bergmann, M. Bergmann, M. Bernert, R. Bilato, G. Birkenmeier, V. Bobkov, A. Bock, L. Bock, T. Body, N. Bonanomi, B. Böswirth, A. Bottino, D. Brida, A. Buhler, A. Burckhart, P. Cano Megías, D. Carlton, A. Castillo Castillo, A. Cathey, A. Chankin, G. Conway, D. Coster, P. David, P. de Marné, A. Di Siena, M. Dibon, M. Dunne, R. Dux, T. Eich, S. Elgeti, E. Fable, M. Faitsch, D. Fajardo Jimenez, U. Fantz, H. Faugel, R. Fischer, M. Fröschle, J. C. Fuchs, H. Fünfgelder, L. Giannone, I. Girka, O. Girka, T. Gleiter, S. Glöggler, J. C. Gonzalez, T. Görler, A. Gräter, G. Grenfell, H. Greuner, M. Griener, O. Grover, A. Gude, S. Günter, T. Happel, N. den Harder, T. Hayward-Schneider, B. Heinemann, P. Heinrich, M. Herschel, A. Herrmann, F. Hitzler, J. Hobirk, S. Hörmann, M. Hölzl, C. Hopf, T. Höschen, K. Hunger, V. Igochine, J. Illerhaus, W. Jacob, N. Jaksic, F. Jenko, A. Kallenbach, J. Kalis, A. Kappatou, C.-P. Käsemann, M. Kircher, F. Klossek, M. Koleva, M. Krause, A. Kreuzeder, K. Krieger, O. Kudlacek, B. Kurzan, K. Lackner, P. T. Lang, P. Lauber, L. Leppin, E. Lerche, O. Linder, H. Lindl, Z. Lu, T. Luda Di Cortemiglia, T. Lunt, T. Maceina, A. Magnanimo, H. Maier, O. Maj, A. Manhard, M. Maraschek, F. Matos, M. Mayer, R. McDermott, G. Meng, R. Merkel, M. Michelini, V. Mitterauer, P. Molina Cabrera, M. Muraca, R. Neu, T. Nishizawa, I. Novikau, R. Ochoukov, O. Pan, G. Papp, G. Pautasso, M. Peglau, U. Plank, B. Plöckl, E. Poli, A. Popa, J. Puchmayr, T. Pütterich, G. Raupp, M. Reich, M. Reisner, B. Rettino, T. Ribeiro, R. Riedl, J. Riesch, V. Rohde, M. Rott, F. Ryter, O. Samoylov, G. Schall, A. Schlüter, K. Schmid, P. A. Schneider, M. Schubert, C. Schuster, N. Schwarz, T. Schwarz-Selinger, J. Schweinzer, F. Sciortino, O. Seibold-Benjak, M. Siccinio, B. Sieglin, A. Sigalov, D. Silvagni, M. Spacek, A. Stegmeir, D. Stieglitz, J. Stober, U. Stroth, E. Strumberger, G. Suarez Lopez, W. Suttrop, B. Tál, W. Tang, G. Tardini, M. Teschke, W. Tierens, D. Told, W. Treutterer, P. Ulbl, G. Urbanczyk, M. Usoltseva, F. Vannini, T. Vierle, U. von Toussaint, D. Wagner, X. Wang, M. Weiland, D. Wendler, M. Willensdorfer, B. Wiringer, M. Wischmeier, E. Wolfrum, Q. Yu, I. Zammuto, T. Zehetbauer, W. Zholobenko, A. Zibrov, M. Zilker, C. F. B. Zimmermann, A. Zito & H. Zohm
Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8527, Japan
Yasuhiro Suzuki
National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Kamikita, 039-3212, Japan
Panith Adulsiriswad
Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Greifswald, Germany
O. Ford, G. Fuchert, D. Gradic, K. Höfler, D. Kulla, F. Reimold & R. Wolf
Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
J. Bernardo, P. Carvalho, R. Coelho, A. Figueredo, L. Gil, L. Guimarais, D. Hachmeister, F. Nabais, V. Plyusnin, J. Santos, A. Silva, C. Silva, P. Varela & J. Vicente
Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Helsinki, Finland
O. Asunta, M. Groth, J. Karhunen, T. Kurki-Suonio, A. Lahtinen, A. Salmi, S. Sipilä & A. Snicker
Eindhoven, University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
T. Blanken, H. van den Brand, M. de Baar, I. Krebs, E. Maljaars, G. Ronchi & J. Scholte
CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, UK
J. Buchanan, M. Carr, C. Challis, C. Ham, J. Harrison, S. Henderson, A. Kirk, J. Mailloux, H. Meyer, D. A. Ryan, S. Saarelma, S. Sharapov, J. Simpson, M. Valovic & I. Voitsekhovitch
Physik-Department E28, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
G. Birkenmeier, S. Glöggler, F. Hitzler, U. Stroth, D. Wendler & C. F. B. Zimmermann
Consorzio RFX, Padova, Italy
T. Bolzonella, C. Cazzaniga, R. Delogu, M. Gobbin, L. Marrelli, P. Martin, C. Piron, G. Spizzo, M. Spolaore, D. Terranova, G. Trevisan, M. Valisa & N. Vianello
CEA/IRFM, Saint Paul Lez Durance, France
C. Bottereau, F. Clairet, L. Colas, A. Gallo & E. Joffrin
Forschungszentrum, Jülich, Germany
M. Brenzke, S. Brezinsek, J. W. Coenen, P. Denner, Y. Gao, A. Huber, A. Krämer-Flecken, L. Li, D. Reiser & D. Reiter
Institut Jean Lamour, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
F. Brochard, S. Heuraux & A. Houben
ENEA, IFP-CNR, Milan, Italy
E. Alessi, G. Croci, S. Garavaglia, G. Granucci, A. Mancini, P. Mantica, S. Nowak, D. Ricci, C. Sozzi & M. Tardocchi
Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne, Switzerland
S. Coda, B. P. Duval, F. Felici, T. Goodman, M. Kong, B. Labit, A. Merle, A. Pau, L. Porte, O. Sauter, A. Shalpegin, U. Sheikh, C. Sommariva & S. van Mulders
ÖAW, IAP, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
S. Costea, C. Ionita-Schrittwieser, A. Kendl & R. Schrittwieser
Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
G. Cseh, D. Dunai, G. Kocsis, G. Pokol, D. Réfy, T. Szepesi & S. Zoletnik
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland
A. Chomiczewska, K. Galazka, I. Ivanova-Stanik & R. Zagórski
Karlsruhe Institut für Technologie, Karlsruhe, Germany
C. Day, V. Hauer & S. Varoutis
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
L. Frassinetti, P. Petersson, S. Ratynskaia, M. Rubel & E. Thorén
General Atomics, San Diego, CA, USA
T. Hellsten, N. Leuthold, Y. Liu, C. Paz-Soldan & M. van Zeeland
Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
D. J. Cruz Zabala, J. J. Dominguez-Palacios Durán, J. Galdon-Quiroga, M. Garcia Munöz, J. Gonzalez Martin, A. Jansen van Vuuren, P. Oyola, J. F. Rivero Rodriguez, L. Sanchis Sanchez & E. Viezzer
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Helsinki, Finland
A. H. Hakola, J. Likonen & T. Tala
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
G. Pokol
Laboratoire de Physique Des Plasmas, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
P. Hennequin
IGVP Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
B. Plaum & M. Ramisch
Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
J. H. Holm, T. Jensen, J. Madsen, V. Naulin, R. D. Nem, A. H. Nielsen, S. K. Nielsen, J. Olsen, J. Rasmussen, M. Salewski, M. Stejner & T. Verdier
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
E. Peluso
Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
V. Klevarova, A. Shabbir & G. Verdoolaege
ERM/KMS, Brussels, Belgium
Y. Kazakov, A. Lyssoivan, V. Maquet, M. Tripský & G. Verdoolaege
ÖAW, IAP, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
G. Harrer, W. Kernbichler, P. Lainer, M. Markl & L. Radovanovic
York Plasma Institute, University of York, York, UK
I. Cziegler, L. Horvath & B. Lipschultz
Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
N. C. Luhmann
Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, USA
A. Bortolon, F. Laggner, R. Maingi & R. Nazikian
Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
S. Futatani, D. Gallart Escolà & M. Mantsinen
ENEA Consorzio CREATE, Naples, Italy
O. D’Arcangelo
School of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
P. J. McCarthy
Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
R. Neu
ISC-CNR and Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
C. Marchetto & D. Milanesio
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
B. Cannas & G. Sias
Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
Q. Yang & W. Zhang
Ioffe Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
M. Iliasova, E. Khilkevitch & A. Shevelev
MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, MA, USA
R. Bielajew, A. J. Creely, A. Hubbard, S. Kjer Hansen, P. Rodriguez-Fernandez, B. Vanovac, A. E. White & C. Yoo
Modeling Group, École Supérieuré d’ingénieurs Léonard-de-Vinci, Courbevoie, France
A. Biancalani
ITER Organization, Saint-Paullez-Durance, France
A. Encheva, S. Jachmich, M. Lehnen & S. van Mulders
ENEA, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
M. Cavedon, A. Dal Molin, G. Gorini & M. Nocente
Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Praha, Czech Republic
M. Farnik, O. Ficker, F. Jaulmes & M. Komm
University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
T. Cote, B. Geiger & O. Schmitz
Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
K. Insulander Björk
Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
G. Ratta & E. Solano
Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, UK
S. Gibson
ENEA, Centro Ricerche Frascati, Frascati, Italy
C. Castaldo, C. Cianfarani, B. Esposito, E. Giovannozzi & G. Rocchi
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, Marseille, France
Y. Camenen
Institute of Plasma Physics, National Science Center Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Krakov, Ukraine
M. Dreval
ÖAW, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
E. Heyn & S. Kasilov
DEIM Department, Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
S. Kasilov & A. Redl
Universität Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
P. Manz
ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
M. Mantsinen
H.W. performed the simulations and data analysis, and wrote the manuscript with help from Y.T. for simulation and Ph.L. for experiment. Ph.L. provided the experimental data. Y.T. developed the code MEGA and motivated crucial steps that have moved this research forward. Y.S. funded H.W.’s visit to IPP. H.L. helped with the data analysis in phase space. All authors, including those mentioned above, participated in the discussion and interpretation of the results from simulations and experiments.
